The Prelude to Reform

It may be said that the Indian economy before the liberalization policy was that of government interference and ownership in which the Banking institutions were much overbearing. The sector was mainly under the regulation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and was dominated by low efficiency, lack of competition and a limited range of financial services. The 1991 economic crisis, which was the result of a currency decline and a substantial budget deficit, was also the catalyst that triggered radical economic changes complemented by a restructuring of the banking industry.

Major Reforms in Banking During Liberalization

Deregulation of Interest Rates

The major reform is related to the interest rates that have been deregulated. In pre-liberalization, the interest rates were controlled by the RBI, which, many times, created inefficiency and mismatches between savings and investment. The underlying reform was towards enhancing competition and resource allocation to result in more functional efficiency of the financial system.

Privatization of Public Sector Banks and Licensing of Private Banks

The policy of privatization of public sector banks, along with a policy of licensing of private sector banks, were major turning points. The Reserve Bank of India started granting licenses to private participants, both indigenous as well as foreign, which created some competition in the banking sector. This step was meant to break the monopoly of public sector banks and bring novelty and efficiency. Notable new entrants included the likes of ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, and Axis Bank that introduced advanced technology and customer-oriented services in the Indian market.

Strengthening of Regulatory Frameworks

The post-liberalization period saw a sea change in the regulatory framework relating to the banking sector. The RBI took various measures aimed at enhancing banking stability, one such initiative being the issuance of Basel I norms that stipulated international standards for capital adequacy.

Introduction of Prudential Norms

Prudential norms were brought in to overcome the asset quality and financial stability problem. These included a minimum capital adequacy ratio requirement for banks, strict loan provisioning norms, and enhanced practices of asset classification. The reforms were supposed to save the sector from systemic risks and maintain the health of the banking sector.

Financial Inclusion Expansion

The era of liberalization was also marked by a focused approach in the direction of financial inclusion. This included the setting up of NABARD and introduction of microfinance programs. The motive behind financial inclusion was to extend banking into backward and rural areas, thereby increasing the customers and encouraging growth of economy on equitable lines.

Technological Advancement and Banking Innovations

The period of liberalization also saw a spurt in banking services related to the latest technologies. The induction of ATMs, electronic funds transfer systems, and online banking totally revolutionized the way transactions were undertaken. Payment systems also became faster and more secure with the introduction of a National Electronic Funds Transfer – NEFT- and Real Time Gross Settlement – RTGS- system.

Effects of Banking Reforms

Increased Efficiency and Competition

Entry of private and foreign banks increased competition, which, in turn, compulsorily brought overall improvement in the quality and efficiency of services. The customer benefited in terms of diversification of financial products, competitiveness of interest rates, and improvement in banking services.

Growth of Financial Sector

These reforms in the banking system contributed to high growth in the financial sector. Assets in the banking system expanded, and the sector became more integrated into the international financial markets. There was also heightened activity in the capital markets, including banks playing a major role in several issues of corporate bonds and other instruments.

Financial Inclusion and Rural Development

The efforts for financial inclusions created greater access to banking services toward rural and under-served areas. The increasing numbers of banking correspondents facilitated programs for reaching the unbanked population, along with an expanding network of branches, helped in overall economic development.

Challenges and Criticisms

While the reforms ushered in a bunch of benefits, they were not without their share of challenges. Sometimes, rapid deregulation bestowed, upon banks, licenses to take uncalled-for risks, which furthered asset quality issues and, in many cases, the emergence of NPAs. Inadequate infrastructure and unequal spread of benefits across regions were various other problems the financial sector was in a bind about.

Long-Term Impact and Legacy

The banking reforms in the era of liberalization have built a strong foundation for the Indian financial sector. Transition into a more competitive and technologically advanced banking environment helped India face subsequent economic crises and advance economic growth further. Simultaneously, the reforms laid down an improved regulatory framework that would continue to evolve in response to emerging challenges and global trends. The reorganization of Indian banking in 1991 laid the foundation for a financial system that would be much more dynamic, competitive, and resilient in succeeding years. These reforms appropriately positioned India’s integration with the global economy; sustained economic growth, to a large measure, was possible; and these set the stage for future innovations in banking. The lessons from this transformational period still linger on and enlighten the development of the banking sector in India in its ongoing responsiveness to emerging challenges.

For more elaborate view on this topic, you can refer to wikipedia or a book by Mr Bimal Jalan available on amazon- https://www.amazon.in/India-After-Liberalisation-Bimal-Jalan/dp/939032713X

Conclusion

Banking reforms during the era of liberalization in India enabled the remodeling of the financial sector and contributed a lot to the growth of the country’s economy. These reforms birthed competition, upgraded the regulatory environment, and supported financial inclusions that have made an indelible mark on the banking environment of India. As India continues to sail through the challenges of a globalized economy, lessons from this critical transformation period will remain vital in guiding the future of its financial sector.

In our last blog I had discussed what banks or credit institutes look for while sanctioning housing loans. We saw how banks look into a proposal from 3 angles that is

1.           Financial discipline of the applicant or customers

2.           Financial capability of the customer

3.           Asset quality

we discussed in our last blog regarding financial discipline being the foremost and most important factor during credit appraisal for a housing loan.

Today we will discuss about the financial capabilities of the customer which the banks look into and decide the quantum of the loan depending on repayment capacity of the customer

Now what do we mean by financial capability or repayment capacity of a customer.

Repayment capacity or financial capability is the capacity of the customer to repay the loan on time. Banks or credit institutions want to ensure that the customer or the borrower can repay the loan EMI comfortably and without any default.

Banks analyse several factors to assess the repayment capacity of the customer, such as:

1. Monthly income (Salary Income, Rental incomes if any etc)
2. Monthly financial obligations (Existing Loan EMI’s)
3. Existing liabilities (credit card dues, rent, medical insurance premium, children fees etc.)
4. Stability of your income source (Whether Job is permanent or contractual, stability of Job etc)
5. Age of the customer (repayment depends on the age as the younger you are eligible for a longer repayment period and more loan, less EMI)

Banks expect at least 55 to 65% of your monthly income after deductions of monthly financial obligations to be available to pay for the EMI’s of the current applied loan. So, in a nutshell, higher is your monthly income and lower is your monthly financial obligations, the chances of sanction of your housing loan are higher.

Let us understand this by a example

Mr Nayan KR is a salaried person, aged 30 years has a monthly gross income of Rs 1.00 Lakhs

Now, He also pays a medical insurance of Rs 12000.00 per year and children fees of Rs 24000.00 per year. He has also taken a car loan and paying an EMI of Rs 5000.00 per month.

So, if we calculate the repayment capacity

Now, as discussed Banks expect 55-65% of your income after deductions to be available for repayment of the loan EMI’s. We take it as 65% as standard. This is called by many Banks as sustenance factor. Remaining 35% should be left in customer hand for his/her expenditures and survival. This sustenance factor varies from Bank to Bank.

By the above calculation, Mr Nayan KR is eligible to pay maximum of 65% of Rs 86000.00 = Rs 55900.00. So, Mr Nayan KR can repay max Rs 55900.00 every month but for how many years. Maximum banks sanction housing loan to salaried class till age of 60 years and Business class till 75 years but there may be exceptions and vary bank to bank. Max housing loan by Banks is given for 30 years. There may be exceptions.

So, Nayan KR age is 30 years and salaried, he can take loan for 30 years. So, finally, he can pay Rs 55900.00 per month for 30 years. If we take housing loan rate of interest is 7% per annum, then per lakh EMI at 7% pa for 30 years is Rs 665.00. (reference https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/english/emicalculator.aspx)

So, as per Mr Nayan KR financial capability/repayment capacity, he is eligible for Rs 55900.00/Rs 665.00 = Rs 84.00 Lakhs which is repayable in 360 EMI’s.

From the above simple illustration, I believe you will be able to calculate your financial or repayment capacity and will be a financially learned person while approaching a Bank for your housing loan. This is just a brief and simple calculation to make it easy to understand. Also, you can visit https://www.unionbankofindia.co.in/english/home-loan.aspx for more information for housing loans from Union Bank of India.

In the next blog, we will discuss about Asset quality which is a very important factor while finalising a credit proposal. Thank you and stay tuned